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Some 56 percent of Americans approve of large-scale secret monitoring of erstwhile private telephone activity for the purposes of combating terrorism, according to a recent survey by the Pew Center for the People and the Press.

According to new research by University of Colorado Boulder professors of psychology and neuroscience Leaf Van Boven and Charles M. Judd and graduate student Mark Travers, people tend to inflate the value of 鈥渟ecret鈥� information over public information, and prize decisions based on the former more highly than the latter.

And that, the researchers say, is a problem.

鈥淭he public is faced with the difficult task of trying to assess whether sacrifices in privacy are worth it,鈥� Van Boven says. 鈥淥ur research suggests that such assessments tend to be biased by the secrecy of the information gathered.鈥�

In a series of recent studies, the researchers found what they call a 鈥渟ecrecy heuristic,鈥� or implicit mental shortcut, that people use when people evaluating the quality of information related to national security.

In one experiment, subjects were given 1995 U.S. government policy documents arguing two sides of a debate over the sale of military aircraft between nations. Readers were randomly told the documents had been previously 鈥渃lassified鈥� 鈥� secret, in other words 鈥� or always public. A majority of the subjects judged the 鈥渟ecret鈥� information more valuable.

鈥淚n fact the information was identical in the two situations,鈥� Judd says. 鈥淚t was just whether it had been labeled previously secret or public.鈥�

In another study, subjects were asked to read actual 1978 National Security Council documents pertaining to the sale of fighter planes to Taiwan. On a random basis, they were told either that the information was recently declassified, but at the time was secret and exclusive to the agency, or that it had always been public.

鈥淎s we expected, people who thought the information was secret deemed it more useful, important and accurate than did those who thought it was public,鈥� the researchers wrote in an op-ed piece published in the June 28 New York Times. 鈥淎nd people judged the National Security Council鈥檚 actions based on the information as more prudent and wise when they believed the document had been secret.鈥�

All this research, of course, took place in controlled laboratory settings. But in the real world 鈥� and, rather, amid the current debate over the U.S. government鈥檚 secret gathering of information on its citizens 鈥� the stakes are higher.

Governments, and before them, churches, have recognized the potency of secrecy throughout history. But when people reflexively assign greater credence and importance to secret information, it may make them less likely to question their government.

鈥淥ur research is suggesting that, for everyday citizens, simply being told what information is being gathered in secret鈥� 鈥� information that the U.S. government acknowledged only after it was leaked recently 鈥� 鈥渨ill not enable people to evaluate whether the quality of that information is worth the sacrifice in privacy,鈥� Van Boven says. 鈥淭o evaluate the quality of the secret information, it would be better for people to know the concrete outcomes of their secret information gathering鈥� 鈥� what鈥檚 actually being done with the information. 鈥淏ut they鈥檙e still keeping that secret.鈥�

As the three researchers concluded in their New York Times op-ed, 鈥淚n debating whether the secret gathering of personal information is worth the cost, people would do well to consider how often they rely on the secrecy heuristic, and be more skeptical about government claims regarding classified information.鈥�

The idea that human beings value secret information more highly is rife with further research possibilities, Judd says. It鈥檚 conceivable that people deem a secret more important in other arenas of communication, as well.

鈥淚t would be interesting to (study) the gossip you hear from friends and co-workers who say 鈥榙on鈥檛 tell anybody鈥� 鈥� Are you more likely to attend to it, to give it credence, than if they hadn鈥檛 said 鈥榙on鈥檛 tell anybody鈥�?鈥� he says.